State of the science: hot flashes and cancer. Part 1: definition, scope, impact, physiology, and measurement.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To critically evaluate and synthesize multidisciplinary research related to hot flashes in the context of cancer. Topics include the definition, scope, and impact of hot flashes; physiologic mechanisms; and measurement issues. DATA SOURCES Published, peer-reviewed articles and textbooks; editorials; unpublished data; and computerized databases. DATA SYNTHESIS Hot flashes can affect a diverse group of men and women diagnosed with or at high risk for certain cancers with a resulting negative impact on quality of life. Although the exact physiologic mechanisms underlying hot flashes remain unclear, a complex interplay of thermoregulatory, gluconeuroendocrine, genetic, and behavioral factors appears to be involved. Measurement of hot flashes should be considered carefully because they can be operationalized objectively and subjectively. CONCLUSIONS The large and diverse evidence base and current national attention on measurement of hot flashes highlight the importance of the symptom to healthcare professionals, including oncology nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Careful attention to assessment and measurement of hot flashes in patients with cancer is needed.